Technologies: Electric Vehicles
An electric vehicle (EV), also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for
propulsion. EV is a part of smart grids and supports the idea of renewable energy sources. EVs are hourly distributed in the
power system and can simulate a mobile demand or a mobile storage in the new smart grids. As a result, optimal
coordination of these devices can provide benefits for the system such as shifting the peak load hours, reducing the power
losses and the total costs. Other than these benefits, the use of EVs can reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that is a
severe concern in the upcoming decades. EVs can participate in the new energy markets and play a significant role in the
day-ahead scheduling of the system. All of these benefits are achieved by the use of intelligent operation of EVs. On the
other hand, lack of smart management strategies for EVs can result in unwanted outcomes such as feeder congestion on
transmission and distribution systems and transformers, increasing the energy losses, decreasing the reliability and power
quality. The idea of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is devised to minimize EV impacts by providing energy and ancillary services to the
grid. V2G technology enables the PEVs to have a bilateral power flow exchange with the upstream network and thus they
can either inject/draw power into/from the grid.